illustrate the vertical handoff operation

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illustrate the vertical handoff operation

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Vertical handoff is a critical operation in mobile communication systems that enables seamless switching between different types of networks (e.g., from Wi-Fi to cellular or vice versa). The goal is to maintain uninterrupted connectivity while a mobile device moves across heterogeneous network environments.

The operation typically involves several key steps: Network Discovery – The device continuously scans for available networks and evaluates their signal strength, bandwidth, and other quality metrics. Decision Making – Based on predefined criteria (e.g., signal strength, latency, or user preferences), the system decides whether to initiate a handoff to a more suitable network. Authentication & Connection Setup – Once a target network is selected, the device authenticates and establishes a new connection while ensuring minimal service disruption. Session Transfer – Active data sessions are smoothly transferred to the new network without requiring user intervention.

Vertical handoff improves user experience by enabling devices to switch networks intelligently, ensuring optimal performance and connectivity. Unlike horizontal handoff (switching between similar networks), vertical handoff deals with different network technologies, making coordination and resource management more complex.

This operation is essential for modern mobile and IoT systems, where devices frequently transition between Wi-Fi, 4G/5G, and other wireless networks.